Background: The anxiety disorders specified in the fourth edition, text revision, of The Diagnostic
and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV-TR) are identified universally in human societies, and …

Animal and human studies of sleep and learning have demonstrated that training on various
tasks increases subsequent rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and phasic pontine-wave (P-…

A number of experimental and theoretical reports have suggested that the ponto‐geniculo‐occipital
(PGO) wave‐generating cells are involved in the generation of rapid eye movement (…

Background Subjects who enroll in multiple studies have been found to use deception at times
to overcome restrictive screening criteria. Deception undermines subject safety as well as …

The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that the cells in the brain stem pedunculopontine
tegmentum (PPT) are critically involved in the normal regulation of wakefulness and …

Mesopontine cholinergic cells in the pedunculopontine tegmental (PPT) nuclei modulate the
control of the wake‐sleep cycle by releasing acetylcholine to their target structures. These …

Microinjection of the excitatory amino acid, L‐glutamate into the brainstem pedunculo pontine
tegmentum (PPT) has been shown to induce wakefulness, however, it has been unclear …

Prenatal protein malnutrition significantly elevates brain levels of serotonin in rats, and
these levels remain elevated throughout their lives. This biogenic amine is involved in the …

Considerable evidence suggests that pedunculopontine tegmental cholinergic cells are
critically involved in normal regulation of rapid eye movement sleep. The major excitatory input …

Many studies have identified various host behavioural and ecological traits that are associated
with parasite infection, including host gregariousness. By use of meta-analyses, we …