Key Points
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Nanotechnologies are technologies that use engineered materials or devices with a functional organization on the nanometre scale (that is, one billionth of a metre) in at least one dimension, typically ranging from 1 to ∼100 nanometres. This implies that at least some aspect of the material or device can be manipulated and controlled by physical and/or chemical means at nanometre resolutions, which results in functional properties that are unique to the engineered technology and not shown by its constituent elements. Nanotechnologies are therefore primarily defined by the functional properties that determine how they interact. Although the chemical and/or physical make up of a nanomaterial or device is important in the overall technological process, it is secondary to their engineering and functional properties.
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Applications of nanotechnology in basic neuroscience include those that investigate molecular, cellular and physiological processes. One example is nanoengineered materials and approaches for promoting neuronal adhesion and growth to help us understand the underlying neurobiology or to support other technologies designed to interact with neurons in vivo (for example, coating of recording or stimulating electrodes). Another is nanoengineered materials and approaches for directly interacting, recording and/or stimulating neurons at a molecular level. A third example is imaging applications using nanotechnology tools, such as chemically functionalized semiconductor quantum dots.
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Applications of nanotechnology in clinical neuroscience focus on research aimed at limiting and reversing neuropathological disease states. These include nanotechnology approaches designed to support and/or promote the functional regeneration of the nervous system; neuroprotective strategies, in particular those that use fullerene derivatives; and nanotechnology approaches that facilitate the delivery of drugs and small molecules across the blood–brain barrier.
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The challenges associated with using nanotechnology applications in neuroscience are numerous, but the impact that they can have on understanding how the nervous system works, how it fails in disease and how we can intervene at the molecular level are significant. The capacity to exploit drugs, small molecules, neurotransmitters and neural developmental factors offers the potential to tailor technologies to particular applications. For example, neural developmental factors, such as the cadherins, laminins and bone morphometric protein families, as well as their receptors, can be manipulated in new ways. Nanotechnology offers the ability to take advantage of the functional specificity of these molecules by incorporating them into engineered materials and devices to have highly specific, targeted effects.
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The main technical challenges that are encountered when using nanotechnology in neuroscience include the need for greater specificity, multiple induced physiological functions and minimal side effects. In vivo there are other unique challenges that must be considered, including the inherent complexity of the CNS and its anatomically restrictive nature.
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Neuroscientists have a unique role in developing nanotechnologies. Both researchers and clinicians need to identify potential applications of nanotechnology in neuroscience and neurology to maximize their impact. Scientists with other specialties can develop powerful platform technologies and even provide neuroscience-specific examples, but it is only with direct input from and in partnership with neuroscientists that broad neurophysiological and clinical applications can be properly formulated and addressed.
Abstract
Nanotechnologies exploit materials and devices with a functional organization that has been engineered at the nanometre scale. The application of nanotechnology in cell biology and physiology enables targeted interactions at a fundamental molecular level. In neuroscience, this entails specific interactions with neurons and glial cells. Examples of current research include technologies that are designed to better interact with neural cells, advanced molecular imaging technologies, materials and hybrid molecules used in neural regeneration, neuroprotection, and targeted delivery of drugs and small molecules across the blood–brain barrier.
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Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Whitaker Foundation, Arlingon, Virginia, USA, and the Stein Clinical Research Institute at the University of California, San Diego, USA. Quantum dots were kindly provided free of charge by Quantum Dot Corporation.
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Glossary
- Self-assembly
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The self-organization of molecules into supermolecular structures. Self-assembly is triggered by specific chemical or physical variables, such as a change in temperature or concentration, and reflects an energy minimization process.
- Bottom-up technologies
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Materials or devices engineered from constituent elements such as specific molecules that are organized into higher-order functional structures.
- Top-down technologies
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Materials or devices that are engineered from a bulk material. The various forms of lithography are examples of top-down engineering approaches.
- Lithography
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The process of producing patterns in bulk materials. The most common forms of lithography are those associated with the production of semiconductor integrated circuits.
- Atomic force microscopy
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(AFM). Scanning probe microscopy that uses a sharp probe moving over the surface of a sample to measure topographic spatial information.
- Photobleaching
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The progressive loss of fluorescence signal intensity due to exposure to light. This can result in a decreased signal-to-noise ratio.
- Absorption spectra
-
The range of wavelengths over which a molecule, such as a fluorophore, or a nanoparticle, such as a quantum dot, are energetically excited.
- Emission spectra
-
The range of wavelengths over which a molecule, such as a fluorophore, or a nanoparticle, such as a quantum dot, emit light.
- Synaptic, perisynaptic or extrasynaptic regions
-
Areas where neurotransmitter receptors cluster at, near, or outside the synapse, respectively.
- TrkA receptors
-
A family of proto-oncogene receptors found throughout the central and peripheral nervous system that bind β-nerve growth factor, which results in downstream signalling effects.
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Silva, G. Neuroscience nanotechnology: progress, opportunities and challenges. Nat Rev Neurosci 7, 65–74 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn1827
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn1827
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