Elsevier

Brain Research

Volume 112, Issue 2, 13 August 1976, Pages 413-419
Brain Research

Noradrenergic neurons of the locus coeruleus: inhibition by epinephrine and activation by the α-antagonist piperoxane

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      Agonizing α2 ARs suppresses LC-NE signaling by hyperpolarizing LC neurons and reducing NE release in downstream areas (Abercrombie and Jacobs, 1987; Adams and Foote, 1988; Aghajanian and VanderMaelen, 1982; Aghajanian and Wang, 1987; Berridge et al., 1993; Cedarbaum and Aghajanian, 1977; Kalwani et al., 2014). Conversely, antagonists acting on α2 ARs increase LC neuron excitability and spiking response to stimuli as well as NE release (Adams and Foote, 1988; Aghajanian and VanderMaelen, 1982; Cedarbaum and Aghajanian, 1976; Herr et al., 2012; Raiteri et al., 1983; Rasmussen and Jacobs, 1986; Simson and Weiss, 1987). Human studies have reported that systemically up- or down-regulating NE signaling (mainly through targeting α2 ARs) affected subjects performing perception-related tasks (Gelbard-Sagiv et al., 2018; Halliday et al., 1989; Turetsky and Fein, 2002).

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      The exact location of these α2A-adrenoceptors is controversial, and therefore, clear information about the origin and regulation of the somatodendritic NA in the LC is still unavailable. A second subpopulation, corresponding also to the α2A-adrenoceptor subtype, exerts a tonic inhibition on firing activity of LC neurons (Cedarbaum and Aghajanian, 1976; Fernandez-Pastor and Meana, 2002; Mateo and Meana, 1999; Van et al., 1997). This inhibition of LC neuron activity induces a decrease in the action potential-dependent NA release in noradrenergic projection areas such as the PFC (Fernandez-Pastor and Meana, 2002; Mateo and Meana, 1999; Van et al., 1997).

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      Rats were anesthetized with chloral hydrate (400 mg/kg i.p. followed by 60–70 mg/kg/h via perfusion pump) and placed in a stereotaxic frame. The recording electrode was lowered into the LC (anterior-posterior − 3.7 mm, latero-medial − 1.1 mm, dorso-ventral − 7.0 mm relative to lambda) (Paxinos and Watson, 2009) and neurons were identified using the following well-established criteria (Cedarbaum and Aghajanian, 1976): long-duration action potential (> 2 ms), spontaneous firing at a regular rhythm, a slow firing rate between 0.5 and 5.0 Hz, and characteristic spikes with a long-lasting positive-negative waveform. Firing patterns were analyzed offline using Spike2 computer software (Cambridge Electronic Design, UK).

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    This research was supported by NIMH Grants MH-17871 and MH-14459, the State of Connecticut, and Yale University (Medical Student Summer Research Fellowship to J.M. Cedarbaum).

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